Seems obvious there are several divides on the answer after 4 pages from geographical to forced training, to unqualified opinion on both sides. I can't wait to weigh in!
My approach works for me, I don't profess that it is better or worse for anyone else though I believe it superior or I wouldn't do it (just like everyone else here). My firearms are subject to more than a 100 degree change in temperature most years often accompanied by high humidity.
For muzzleloader I swab with #13 after every 3rd shot or so followed by 3 dry patches at the range and a full clean after returning home. The full procedure is pulling the breech plug and bolt, soaking the plug in #13 and clearing the nipple. Then a pat down and small amount of CLP.
Rimfires are thoroughly cleaned after every range trip with Bore Shine, the same at the range if testing ammo (between brands).
That's a wet patch on a loop followed by scrubbing with a nylon brush, then dry, wet, dry, with oil for storage.
Centerfire rifles get cleaned at home after each trip with a dry chamber wipe followed by oil. The bore gets Pro Shot Copper Solvent with a nylon brush, dry patches, then CLP. No cleaning at the range.
Pistols are pre-treated with Frog Lube paste and get a few dry patches at home with more paste when carbon starts to stick a bit after cleaning.
Everything gets CLP on the exterior.
Can not cleaning damage them? I believe so. Whether from increased pressure or fouling that collects moisture and pits the barrel when allowed to sit unabated. How long it will take is in my mind directly related to moisture conditions, but again, the climate I live in demands expedited action.