Before carrying them (again) after using them at the range, with the exception being when wearing one of them home from the range.
In my working days, when on-duty I'd clean my duty weapon before leaving the range, since that was policy. Personally-owned weapons would either be cleaned at the range (if time and my duties as an instructor/armorer permitted), or cleaned later at home, before they went back into off-duty use.
Once upon a time I was one of the crowd who meticulously cleaned my firearms. Then, after I'd been a firearms instructor for a while, and had started attending various armorer classes, I became more 'practical' in my cleaning practices. It only had to be clean to ensure optimal operation and functioning, and not 'white glove' clean.
It probably shape my opinion after having had to increasingly observe and resolve my fair share of "functioning problems" caused by our folks with some occasional over-zealous or downright obtuse cleaning and maintenance habits. That was when I learned that improper cleaning practices could be just as problematic, if not more so, than someone's abuse of never or seldom cleaning their weapons.

Interestingly enough, as I write this I have 3 dirty guns in the safe. One is a 1911 I don't carry much anymore (and planned to shoot again after the last range session), and the other 2 are because they were used for my LEOSA qual yesterday. Neither will be carried as retirement weapons again until I've cleaned them, as I have plenty of other clean alternatives.

If I'm not carrying one or another of my 1911's, I often leave them dirty between anticipated range sessions, as mine can go quite a while when fouled, as long as their lube is touched up and refreshed a bit. I've long found
my 1911's run fine when they're dirty/wet, when only being used as range guns.