The Bulge
Anybody wanna hear the real explanation on what caused this? Ah'm yuh Huckleberry! Anybody who may be annoyed, please skip the following comments...
No denying that Glocks have less than ideal head support at the bottom of the chamber. All it takes is a quick peek to see it. There are also several 1911-pattern pistols that have been subject to over-zealous barrel ramping/throating that have even less case head support in that area.
Some bulge case heads and some don't...just like the Glocks.
Why do some bulge or even blow case heads while others don't? Well, ammo plays a role in the occurrence. Some brass has a thicker area just forward of the web than others. Those will withstand higher pressures without bulging...or at least not bulging to this level. Federal will bulge more readily
than PMC or Winchester. Not a cheap shot at Federal...just a fact.
Some cases are tougher than others, but that in itself isn't the determining factor, nor is the reduced head support common to Glock and other designs.
Headspace is...or rather, excessive headspace that is excessive in the wrong direction. (See the sticky at the top of the gunsmithing page for an explanation)
When headspace is excessive...or even close to maximum in the wrong direction, two critical things occur when the gun is fired. First, and most critical is that the breech opens partially as the slide is slammed rearward under pressure, while the barrel is nailed full forward. If headspace is excessive, a gap opens between barrel and slide. It's not much of a gap...but it's sometimes enough to cause the case head to become dangerously unsupported.
The next thing that happens is that the case...under full chamber pressure and not having the slide's solid support at the rear...backs out of the chamber until it contacts the slide again, and stops. If the combination of undercut barrel throat and excessive headspace is such that the thin section ahead of the web becomes completely unsupported, you have a bulge. In worst-case scenarios...and/or with thin brass...you have a case failure, aka blowout, aka ka-boom.
A case failure at the head isn't the real danger in modern semi-auto pistols.
Most take it in stride, sometimes with the occasional bulged magazine. The dangerous part comes when the hot gasses and shards of brass vent into the magazine and cause sympathetic detonation of more rounds withing the confines of the magazine and grip frame. Fingers and eyes can literally be lost to the ages.
If you experience bulged cases, have somebody check the headspace before proceeding.
Cheers!