The kind of testing that would tell you everything you want to know about heat treat would be destructive testing. You can test hardness without destroying the blade and that would provide some information, but toughness testing is going to be destructive. There is technology out there that one could use to determine if a blade is made from the steel that is claimed, but it is expensive and doesn't really provide any information about the heat treat.
When we compare knife steels in finished products, we have to make a lot of assumptions. If both knives are quality products made by companies that stand behind their merchandise then maybe those assumptions are reasonable and we can do our comparison based on the composition of the steel itself with some reasonable chance of getting it right. Otherwise we have virtually no chance of being right.
People will tell you that the most important quality of a knife blade is the heat treat. I'm going to tell you right now while that might be correct, it's not useful information because testing the heat treat on a finished knife is not feasible. The most important quality of a knife blade is the dedication of the manufacturer to integrity and to providing quality products. That's really all you have to go on. That's what gives you confidence that the blade is made from the steel that matches the advertising, the confidence that it's been heat treated properly, that the geometry is appropriate for the use, that the quality control of the steel is good.
That's why it's so important to be sure that you're buying from a good company.