The Walker Colt load was outclassed by 1873 when the first Colt Single Action Army revolvers rolled off the line. A 255 grain round-nosed lead bullet over 40 grains of black will exceed 1000 ft/sec out of a 7.5" barrel and only 50 to 75 ft/sec less out of a 5.25" barrel. And this was had out of a far easier-packing gun. Even the puny Government load, and the .44 Russian load for the Smith and Wesson guns carried a bit more momentum (though they had less energy.)
As for modern handgun rounds; the .357 Magnum will easily outclass the old Walker Colt. So will the .40 S&W in some 165 grain loads, most 155 grain loads, and all 135 grain loads. The .357 SIG in its standard loads will also meet or exceed the old Walker Colt. The 10mm Auto, the .41 Magnum, and .44 Magnum far exceed the Walker, and we'll not mention fire-breathing moose-stompers like the .454 Casull and the like.