I've take about 10 Eastern NC white tails over the years with the .223 64gr Winchester PP from a Weatherby Vanguard VGL with a 20" barrel. It is a good bullet and was desgined for hunting animals up to the size of most white tail deer.
I've only had 1 of those bullets exit a deer. At least they don't fragment very badly and do expand well - but even expanded they are not very big. I've had a couple deer drop DRT, a couple "stagger or buckle their front knees for a second" then drop or just kneel down to die and one that ran about 100yrds with both his lungs and heart damaged before he finally expired. All of my shots have been between 50yrds and 125yrds. I've never lost a deer with it but keep in mind we are talking a super accurate rifle with high dollar optics, an experienced hunter and near perfect shot placement everytime.
SHOT PLACEMENT with the .223 is critical. I can't stress it enough, they don't make a very big hole, bullets rarley exit and the deer just don't seem bleed a lot after being shot with one. In my experience Dr. Tad Hussein Winslow is 100% correct in his shot recommendation.
IMO the .223 is not a good caliber to teach a young/new hunter how to hunt deer with.
I've never shot a deer with a .30 Carbine so I can't comment on it.
Will