First, it is "breech" from an old word meaning "rear" (like "breeches" for pants).
All the terms you mention are used to describe a self-loading (automatic or semi-automatic) gun mechanism. A straight blowback works OK for low power cartridges, but as power increases, the mass that would be required to keep the breech closed until the pressure drops would become too great. If that is not done in some manner, the breech opens too soon and the cartrige bursts, damaging the gun and possibly injuring the shooter.
So, there have been several ways to keep that breechblock closed, usually by locking it to the barrel for a short period of time. In that way, when the bullet starts to move and recoil begins, the barrel and breechblock (commonly a slide) will recoil together until unlocked by some mechanism in the frame of the pistol.
One way of locking and unlocking is by lugs on top of the barrel locking into cuts on the inside top of the slide. When the barrel and slide have recoiled together far enough that the bullet has exited the barrel and pressure has dropped, the barrel and slide are unlocked and the slide continues to the rear on its own momentum, extracting the fired case. Then it is forced forward by a spring to chamber another round and re-lock with the barrel.
If unlocking/relocking is done by a swinging link, it is called a linked barrel mechanism, like the M1911. If the barrel is unlocked by a cam on the barrel contacting a surface on the frame, it is a cam lock action.
The vast majority of recoil operated pistols today use a cam action, but 1911 type pistols use the original link, designed by John Browning.
Another way to achieve the same purpose is by locking the barrel to the slide by helical cams, allowing the barrel to rotate during the time needed to keep the breech closed, and the slide to open after the pressure drops, the same as other systems. The rotating barrel system is less common, but has recently been used in the Colt AA2000 (of unhappy memory) and in more successful pistols. Some form of gas operation has also been used, but usually adds enough weight or bulk to the gun that it is not common in pistols.
HTH
Jim