Guess we leave out the Jacob rifle as it wasn't adopted. The ball was powerful because it was an explosive bullet meant to destroy artillery cassions. Very practical but the British military turned their collective noses down on it.
So, off the top, if we're talking about big balls that hit hard and far, we're talking the 1841 Rifled Musket. It began as a .69 smoothbore that shot buck & ball (one big ball plus three buck shots or as the soldiers called it, "Three cheers and a tiger") but was rifled to take a .69 caliber minie ball. Kicked like a mule and shot a heavier minie than the M1855 Springfield rifle musket that replaced it.
If we're talking distance, the we're talking the British Whitworth that could reach out to a mile with it's .535 grain hexagonal bolt.