You said:
"Which of these calibres would be the best for me. I want to do some deer, black bear, yote. Which of these would be the cheapest to shoot? Which would have the least recoil? and which would be most effective at 200 yds? I have limited cash, so only one hunting rifle for now..."
Deer: everything works, except for .30-30 at 200 yards would be marginal (see below).
Yote: everything works, except for .30-30 at 200 yards - smaller target than deer. You might want a lighter & faster cartridge (like .223) to reduce danger from richochet and to make holdover less of a concern.
Black Bear: I'd lean toward the .30-06 with heavier bullets, but the .308 would be OK.
Cheapest: .308, hands down winner if buying surplus FMJ in bulk. Hunting ammunition will be about the same for all of these calibers.
Recoil: This depends a lot on the gun. If each was from the same weight and style of rifle, the .30-30 would be the lightest. For 150 grain bullets I'd venture to say that you won't notice much difference between the other three.
Most effective at 200 yards, depends on what kind of effectiveness you're looking at. Precision, flat shooting, penetration, energy???? Even the .30-30 will kill easily at that range - if you can hit the target - unless you're talking about bears. The problem with .30-30 is that it's slower, so it drops faster, so you'll have more trouble hitting at further distances.
Personally, I'd go with the .308. If you really need something bigger later on, get a magnum or bigger diameter caliber.
I hope this helps.
Richardson