What's the current shelf life for most powders under optimum storage conditions?
Last I heard, still currently unknown. IME, more than 50 years, less than "optimum" conditions. Up to 85F on occasion, seasonal and daily temp changes, dark because of original containers, low humidity because always sealed, average temperature closer to 70 F.
A lot of it depends on the initial level of "stabilizers" mixed in the powder, and the levels of residual acids and whatever else that contribute to deterioration.
This is a recycled rumor from the FIRST primer shortage of the Klinton Administration (caused by similar politico-market forces, not some sinister .gov conspiracy). The bugaboo then was claimed to be a switch to lead-free, with an either intentional or "capitalized upon"/engineered shorter shelf life.
Charlie Petty (trained as a chemist) can tell you that molecules are NOT like computer software--a time-specific "logic bomb" is very, very difficult to implement. This is especially true with a very high-energy substance.
For the feds to impose such a standard on a product, they would need to show some compelling governmental interest AND that the measure is "narrowly tailored" to closely match that need, without excessive burdens on several liberty interests implicated. At least the current SCOTUS would likely rule that way, and Herr Obama does not have time to pack the Court with rabid ideologues, barring some "Pelican Brief" scenario involving at least two Justices.
Furthermore, the rumored rule would not reasonably solve any public problem. We have stats showing that the vast majority of firearms misused by felons are possessed far longer than 30 days (so much for your stoopid "waiting period"), but I doubt there are any stats on how "fresh" the criminals' ammo tends to be.
Law Enforcement might be able to endure such a burden, but there is no way the military should suffer under such a shelf life restriction. Splitting the industry further into military and peon categories would be unworkable and would also spawn a HUGE black market significantly unlike the illicit drug market.