matt-s,
Welcome to the world of firearms, and welcome to The High Road. You will find some top notch advice here, and we try mightly to get the cream to rise to the top. I hope you stay and benefit from The High Road, as many others have. In your price range you will find many handguns that meet your criteria. I am uncertain of the restrictions that may be on handgun sales in New Jersey, or whether certain models are not allowed for sale there. If that is the case, please post a link to a list so we can give you better educated responses.
In the meantime, I encourage you to go to your local gunstore and inquire about gun and/or shooting clubs in your area. By joining such an organization, you should be able to get your hands on some guns belonging to other members to try a few rounds. At the very least, you should get some well formed opinions specific to your area. Folks new to shooting seldom join these clubs, but they can be a wealth of information and fun to boot. (I see Glenn & Ken have already advised this.....
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Gun stores can be notoriously apathetic if not down right hostile towards those they see as 'just lookers". Don't let it get you down. Look and ask questions anyway. Explain you would like to give them your business once you can buy. Show you have the cash.
Realize that most shooters transition through different makes and models of handguns over the years. The chance of you finding just the right gun the first time around is not good statistically. Still, you have some pretty firm criteria. Unfortunately, once you start shooting, your criteria may change. That's the conundrum.
You say you plan on getting a .22 pistol to augment your marksmanship training. That is wise. I'll dwell on it a bit first. A handgun without the applied marksmanship is a wasteful noisemaker. A used Ruger MKII usually sells for just under $200 in good shape, and they are bulletproof. The Ruger MKIII just isn't the same pistol. For this training tool, I highly recommend the former. A Browning Buckmark or used Ruger 22/45 brings up a close second. Ammo is cheap, and these pistols are more accurate than most shooters ever become. They are also about as durable as a bulldozer.
Now, on to the centerfires.........9mm is an excellent choice. Ammo cost would be roughly half that of 45ACP, allowing you to shoot more and build marksmanship faster. I confess that I own more 1911s than I should, but my 9mm Colt Commander gets fed the most. You say you want a range gun.......Usually that means adjustable sights, long sight radius (or at least not short), and a full size grip. These type pistols are made for target work.
When you say you are a big fan of design / manufacturing / engineering, and form following function, that tells me a lot. Chances are, a 1911 is your pistol. Heck, you are already thinking that way! So, I'm going to recommend a
Springfield Loaded in 9mm with adjustable sights, stainless. Item number PI9134LP. See what your local dealer can get you one for. This pistol should sell for pretty close to your price range, be a breeze to shoot, easy on the wallet to feed, and Springfield offers a lifetime warranty. Most 1911s of decent quality like a Springfield have no issues until someone starts to "improve" them. Swap the grips if you like, and put in a GI recoil set-up, but leave the rest alone and be happy.
Do not rule out revolvers as another gun. Smith & Wesson made some fantastic target revolvers in .38 special that are accurate as all get out. You have the choice of shooting single or double action, the ammo is relatively inexpensive, and you tend to go through slower. You have an impressive range of barrel lengths (and therefore sight radii) to chose from, and fixed or adjustable sights. If a man can shoot a revolver well in double action, he can shoot any handgun well. Best of all, you can often buy extremely nice Smith & Wesson revolvers on the used market for $200-$300.
Now.......Let's get this thread back on track. New member comes here, asks well thought out, direct questions, and next thing you know there is virtual blood on the walls........
We can do better than that.