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alexander45
There were numerous breech loading paper cartridge rifles and carbines. Many of these bolt actions were invented in the late 1850s pror to the war and used rather large rimfire cartridges. While not as numerous as the Smiths carbine, Jocelyn carbine, or paper cutter Sharps, they surely must have been seen as a battlefield innovation.
The earliest bolt action breech loader I am aware of was one invented in England in the 1830's that was the precursor to the Dreyse needle fire gun of 1848. However the idea of a bolt that slid back and forth in line with the bore existed about a century earlier with a few odd in-line flint lock action rifles that were built. The development of the coil spring and the ways of making it, seemed to foster the viability of the bolt action.
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