7.62x51 for comparison. They seem to fit .22 shorts, but the firing pin wouldn't impact the rim to set them off, and the diameter is larger than an 8mm/.30 cal rifle of any sort I have on hand other than 7.5 Swiss.
Smoothbore.
I think they might be for turning a .45 ACP firearm into a .22 hornet or something, but damned if I know.