Gas operation is one of two ways to power a self loading firearm, not counting systems that use external power, like Gatling guns or chain guns.
The other way is using recoil. Browning design pistols (1911, Glocks), the M2 machinegun, and the Maxim MG are all recoil operated systems.
In short, gas operated systems use the pressure generated when a cartridge is fired to cycle the action. The piston can be the cartridge case itself (called blowback), a separate piston fed thru an orifice in the barrel (M1 Garand and countless others), or trapping gas from the area of the muzzle (G41).
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