Also, there are more action lengths than "long" and "short."
There's an "in between" in Europe, for the 57mm Mauser cartridges and similar. There are "magnum" actions, "mini" actions, etc.
If you're looking for rounds derived from .30-06 and .308, that's easier (except for some rare wildcats).
.30-06 Springfield (7.62x63mm):
.25-06 Remington
.270 Winchester
.280 Remington (AKA 7mm Remington Express AFAIK)
.30-06 itself
.338-06 A-square
.35 Whelen
various wildcats like some Ackley Improved rounds, 6mm-06, 6.5-06, 8mm-06, maybe more.
.308 Winchster (7.62x51mm NATO):
.243 Winchester
6mm Remington AKA .244 Remington
.260 Remington
7mm-08 Remington
.308 itself
.338 Federal
.358 Winchester
Here's an interesting page:
http://www.chuckhawks.com/great_cartridge_families.htm