In WWII, both Germany and the U.S. used steel cartridge cases, but Germany was ahead in production techniques and it was German technology that the Russians took over after the war.
The U.S. tried to make .30-'06 and .50 MG cases from steel, but was not very successful. They did make .45 ACP and .30 Carbine cases (as well as 20 and 40mm) out of steel.
Jim