No. The firing pin will fall onto the cocking cam. The firing pin spring then tries to close the bolt. If it does, there is not enough energy left to fire the rifle. If it does not, the firing pin cannot reach the primer due to the cocking cam angle.
In addition, the Mauser 98 (not earlier Mausers) has a cut at the front end of the firing pin channel in the bolt into which two projections on the firing pin must fit to let the firing pin protrude from the bolt. The projections can line up only if the bolt is locked. This prevents the rifle from firing unlocked if the firing pin should somehow break at the back and go forward while the rifle is being loaded.
Jim