Time for my $0.02 worth here.
Artillery is not ballistically superior to a 5.56mm bullet fired from a long, or even a short barrel. Unless, of course, you are right where it explodes.
The shell fragments, or splinters, which produce most of the battlefield casualties, (and have at least since the Great War), are quite unimpressive ballistically. (The old nylon flak jackets stop most of them. Helmets were adopted in WWI because they prevented head injuries. Neither the steel pot, or the nylon flak jacket would protect against even pistol bullets. (Usually!
)
These fragments, or splinters, (not Shrapnel, which has not been used since WWI, in spite of what my mother and father said.), are the acme of the wound philosophy.
After the McKinley assassination, Congress considered appropriating funds for silk vests. Since the cost of each vest was about equivalent to an ounce of gold, this idea was dropped. Shrapnel was still king at the time of that decision. If they could have fast forwarded just a few years, the silk vests might have prevented many casualties in the trenches.
I understand more than a few British officers reported for duty wearing centuries old chain mail beneath their uniforms. I am not sure how much protection this would have afforded from shrapnel, (which was used early in the war), or shell splinters. It would have provided decent protection from bayonets, swords, and knives in trench combat. Still, a good thrust with a bayonet mounted on a Mauser would possibly have pierced chain mail. Pointed weapons were usually capable of piercing chain mail, provided enough force was used.