I've shot a number of deer with my .22-250 (Rem.ADL w/24"bbl). 12 or 13, I've lost count.
The biggest impediment to using the .22-250 for deer (our deer aren't that big... does run 90-130lbs and bucks 110-210lbs; -had a "spike" near smaller number in my back yard 30min ago.... He ignored the corn and was hitting the white oak acorns and persimmons... So much for "supplemental feeding" at this time of year...) is rifling twist.
My .22-250 has the "typical" 1/14" twist barrel. It will shoot a 63gr Sierra Semi-Pt Spt and Hornady 60gr PtSpt, but the 55 and 60gr V-max are a "disaster" and the 65gr Sierra BtSpt "GameKing" shoots ~4" groups with "tipped" bullets showing on the target.
Hence, I limit it to 60-63gr bullets... However, the 55gr Hornady's and Siera's do just as well.
Just as with a .243 or such, shot-placement is paramount.
I've killed over 150 deer in the past 25yrs with .22cf's. They are very capable with proper ammo and decent shot placement. A very significant "IF"....
Personnally, I prefer a .257wby to the .22-250; with 100gr or 115-117gr bullets.
But then again, the most spectacular bullet failure I've ever seen was with the 115gr Nosler Ballistic-tip at 3,350fps from my .257wby.... Next most spectacular failure was with 100gr BallisticTips from .257Roberts...
so, it's not just the .22's that need proper bullets and placement. That goes for any caliber/cartridge...
Under 75yds, a neck/head shot is "ok", but deer seldom "freeze" giving you a perfectly still shot. I prefer broadside heart/lung shots. I've seen them drop dead from hits from a .22Hornet and 35gr V-max, and same shot placement, one ran 100+yds hit by .35Rem with 200gr FTX... go figure!
The other draw back to .22cf's is lack of blood trail. It took 2hrs to track the first deer I shot with a .22-250, though he only ran ~150yds. It was a thick creek bottom and trail was just a drop here and a drop there....
My "fiest" made it look easy after I put her on the trail, however (small "squirrel dog" She's trained to "blood trail" wounded game... a real day/work saver for sure!).