Don Hamrick
member
- Joined
- Mar 28, 2005
- Messages
- 52
Statement of the Case
A. The Scope of the Second Amendment as an Individual Right
On August 24, 2004 the U.S. Department of Justice issued their Memorandum Opinion for the Attorney General, titled, Whether the Second Amendment Secures an Individual Right. In that 106 page Memorandum Opinion the Justice Deprtment stated their conclusion on the Second Amendment:
. . . ,we conclude that the Second Amendment secures an individual right to keep and to bear arms. Current case law leaves open and unsettled the question of whose right is secured by the Amendment. [fn10] Although we do not address the scope of the right, our examination of the original meaning of the Amendment provides extensive reasons to conclude that the Second Amendment secures an individual right, and no persuasive basis for either the collective-right or quasi-collective-right views. The text of the Amendment’s operative clause, setting out a “right of the people to keep and bear Arms,†is clear and is reinforced by the Constitution’s structure. The Amendment’s prefatory clause, properly understood, is fully consistent with this interpretation. The broader history of the Anglo-American right of individuals to have and use arms, from England’s Revolution of 1688-1689 to the ratification of the Second Amendment a hundred years later, leads to the same conclusion. Finally, the first hundred years of interpretations of the Amendment, and especially the commentaries and case law in the pre-Civil War period closest to the Amendment’s ratification, confirm what the text and history of the Second Amendment require.
[fn10] Petitioner’s Note: This statement directly contradicts the Memorandum Opinion of Judge Ellen Segal Huvelle of the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia in Plaintiff’s Case No. 04-1435 of October 9, 2002, dismissed with prejudice. In her Memorandum Opinion she stated:
"Miller remains the most authoritative modern pronouncement on the amendment’s meaning and its conclusion that the right to bear arms is limited by the needs of an organized militia has subsequently been echoed by the Supreme Court and followed in this and other circuits."
The Petitioner construes the contradiction under Rule 406 of the Federal Rules of Evidence as evidence of judicial bias in Judge Ellen Segal Huvelle.
In order to properly determine the scope of the Second Amendment rights an examination of the Preamble to the U.S. Constitution and the Preamble to the Bill of Rights must be performed.
The Preamble to the U.S. Constitution reads:
We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
The Petitioner construes from the Preamble that all enforcement, legislative, or litigious actions of the U.S. Government, the States, and the People (the distribution of Tenth Amendment powers between the People, the States, and the United States Government) shall, or are intended to, conform to one or more, or any combination of the six conditions or purposes of the Preamble. These six conditions or purposes are:
(1) in Order to form a more perfect Union,
(2) establish Justice,
(3) insure domestic Tranquility,
(4) provide for the common defence,
(5) promote the general Welfare, and
(6) secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity
Petitioner further construes the scope of the Second Amendment to be part of the definition of the common defence as to be viewed through the Tenth Amendment distribution of powers as including the People reserving the Power to assist and participate in the common defence at the personal and social levels of our constitutional society by reserving the right to be openly armed through the Second, Ninth, Thirteenth, and Fourteenth Amendments as we travel the various states to guard against common crimes.
Purpose and Effect of the Preamble [fn11]
[fn11] U.S. Senate, The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation: Annotations of Cases Decided By the Supreme Court of the United States to June 29, 1992; Senate Document No. 103-6; 103d Congress, 1st Session, p. 53.
Although the preamble is not a source of power for any department of the Federal Government, [fn12] the Supreme Court has often referred to it as evidence of the origin, scope, and purpose of the Constitution.[fn13] “Its true office,†wrote Joseph Story in his COMMENTARIES, “is to expound the nature and extent and application of the powers actually conferred by the Constitution, and not substantively to create them. For example, the preamble declares one object to be, ‘to provide for the common defense.’ No one can doubt that this does not enlarge the powers of Congress to pass any measures which they deem useful for the common defence. But suppose the terms of a given power admit of two constructions, the one more restrictive, the other more liberal, and each of them is consistent with the words, but is, and ought to be, governed by the intent of the power; if one could promote and the other defeat the common defence, ought not the former, upon the soundest principles of interpretation, to be adopted?†[fn14], [fn15]
[fn12] Jacobson v. Massachusetts, 197 U.S. 11, 22 (1905)
[fn13] E.g., the Court has read the preamble as bearing witness to the fact that the Constitution emanated from the people and was not the act of sovereign and independent States, McCulloch v. Maryland, 4 Wheat. (17 U.S.) 316, 403 (1819)Chisholm v. Georgia, 2 Dall. (2 U.S.) 419, 471 (1793)Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee, 1 Wheat. (14 U.S.) 304, 324 (1816)Downes v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 244, 251 (1901)In re Ross, 140 U.S. 453, 464 (1891)
[fn14] Petitioner's emphasis.
[fn15] 1 J. Story, Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States (Boston: 1833), 462M. Adler & W. Gorman, The American Testament (New York: 1975), 63–118
The U.S. Department of Justice’s Memorandum Opinion returns us to that proverbial fork in the road where we must decide between the restrictive or the liberal constructions of the Second Amendment if we are to promote the common defence based upon the soundest principles of interpretation without the contamination of political ideologies. The restoration of the right to openly keep and bear arms is hereby demanded as the proper choice under Joseph Story’s interpretation of the common defence.
The Preamble to the Bill of Rights
Congress of the United States
Begun and held at the City of New-York, on Wednesday, March 4, 1789
THE Conventions of a number of States, having at the time of their adopting the Constitution, expressed a desire, in order to prevent misconstruction or abuse of its powers, that further declaratory and restrictive clauses should be added: And as extending the ground of public confidence in the Government, will best ensure the beneficent ends of its institution. [fn16]
RESOLVED by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, two thirds of both Houses concurring, that the following Articles be proposed to the Legislatures of the several States, as amendments to the Constitution of the United States, all, or any of which Articles, when ratified by three fourths of the said Legislatures, to be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of the said Constitution; viz.
ARTICLES in addition to, and Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America, proposed by Congress, and ratified by the Legislatures of the several States, pursuant to the fifth Article of the original Constitution.
[fn16] Petitioner's emphasis.
Petitioner asserts that the collective effect of (1) the Preamble to the Constitution; (2) Preamble to the Bill of Rights; (3) the shall not be infringed clause of the Second Amendment; (4) the Ninth, Tenth, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments; (5) the Full Faith and Credit Clause and the Privileges and Immunities Clause of Article IV; (6) the delegation of the President being the Commander in Chief of the Militia of the several States in Section 2, Article II; (7) the clause in Article IV, Section 4 stating, “The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened), against domestic Violence,†all serve as a barrier to federal firearms laws through the Commerce Clause of Section 8, Article I of the U.S. Constitution and prohibits the States from enacting laws by the same barriers through the Fourteenth Amendment.
“A right vested in a citizen means that he has the power to do certain acts, or to possess certain things, according to the law of the land.†Calder v. Bull, 3 Dall 386, 1 L.Ed. 648.
“Among the historic liberties protected by the due process clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments is the right to be free from, and to obtain judicial relief for, unjustified intrusions on personal security.†Ingraham v. Wright, 430 US 651, 97 S.Ct. 1401, 51 L.Ed.2d. 711.
The change in the official policy of the United States government on the Second Amendment is contained in Footnote 3 to the U.S. Supreme Court Brief on May 7, 2002, for the United States in Opposition to Timothy Joe Emerson v. United States on Petition for a Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, No. 01-8780; Theodore B. Olson, Solicitor General and Council of Record.
That portion of Footnote 3 reads:
The current position of the United States, however, is that the Second Amendment more broadly protects the rights of individuals, including persons who are not members of any militia or engaged in active military service or training, to possess and bear their own firearms, subject to reasonable restrictions designed to prevent possession by unfit persons or to restrict the possession of types of firearms that are particularly suited to criminal misuse. See Memorandum From the Attorney General To All United States Attorneys, Re: United States v. Emerson, Nov. 9, 2001. A copy of that memorandum is appended to this brief.
B. Stare Decisis Based on United States v. Miller 307 U.S. 174 (1939).
Petitioner disagrees with State Oil Co. v. Khan 522 U.S. 3, 118 S.Ct. 275, 139 L. Ed. 2d 199, where in that case it was said that, “The doctrine of stare decisis reflects a policy judgment that in most matters it is more important that the applicable rule of law be settled than that it be settled right.†See Appendix H for a dissenting opinion on Stare Decisis from Jon Roland of the Constitution Society. Petitioner asserts that it is more important that the applicable rule of law be settled right than that it be just simply and expediently settled lest we violate the Guarantee of a Republican Form of Government as stipulated in Article IV, Section 4 of the Constitution and introduce a Nihilistic Form of Government as we may already find under the Patriot Act where the Rule of Law suddenly becomes the Rule of Suspicion. See Appendix I for The Ninth Circuit's Interim Report: Task Force on Self-Represented Litigants Comments on the Ninth Circuit pro se Task Force Report by Charles W. Heckman, Dr. Sci., A Matter of Justice Coalition (AMOJ) Committee for the Ninth Circuit. Much of what is detailed in that Report has occurred in all of Petitioner’s cases, from the U.S. District Court to the U.S. Supreme Court to the extent that Petitioner wrote his political poem reflecting the People’s disdain for the state of American justice today. See Appendix J for Petitioner’s political poem, A Nihilistic Government, This United States.
“When the United States Supreme Court is asked to invalidate a statutory provision that has been approved by both houses of Congress and signed by the President, it should do so only for the most compelling constitutional reasons.†Mistretta v. United States, 488 US 361 (1989), 109 S Ct 647, 102 L Ed 2d 714.
The Petitioner further construes that if any particular law or any whole section of law fails to fulfill any number of these six purposes then those laws are unconstitutional and are therefore void in accordance with Marbury v. Madison, 1 Cranch 137 (1803). Compare the U.S. Department of Justice’s Memorandum Opinion for the Attorney General, Whether the Second Amendment Secures an Individual Right, dated August 24, 2004, with Judge Huvelle’s Memorandum Opinion in Appendix B. Her Memorandum Opinion will be found to be in error and the case should then be overturned and should then be remanded back to that District Court for trial. And all other subsequent Memorandum Opinions dismissing Petitioner’s other cases with prejudice will also be overturned as they were based on Judge Huvelle’s faulty opinion.
A. The Scope of the Second Amendment as an Individual Right
On August 24, 2004 the U.S. Department of Justice issued their Memorandum Opinion for the Attorney General, titled, Whether the Second Amendment Secures an Individual Right. In that 106 page Memorandum Opinion the Justice Deprtment stated their conclusion on the Second Amendment:
. . . ,we conclude that the Second Amendment secures an individual right to keep and to bear arms. Current case law leaves open and unsettled the question of whose right is secured by the Amendment. [fn10] Although we do not address the scope of the right, our examination of the original meaning of the Amendment provides extensive reasons to conclude that the Second Amendment secures an individual right, and no persuasive basis for either the collective-right or quasi-collective-right views. The text of the Amendment’s operative clause, setting out a “right of the people to keep and bear Arms,†is clear and is reinforced by the Constitution’s structure. The Amendment’s prefatory clause, properly understood, is fully consistent with this interpretation. The broader history of the Anglo-American right of individuals to have and use arms, from England’s Revolution of 1688-1689 to the ratification of the Second Amendment a hundred years later, leads to the same conclusion. Finally, the first hundred years of interpretations of the Amendment, and especially the commentaries and case law in the pre-Civil War period closest to the Amendment’s ratification, confirm what the text and history of the Second Amendment require.
[fn10] Petitioner’s Note: This statement directly contradicts the Memorandum Opinion of Judge Ellen Segal Huvelle of the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia in Plaintiff’s Case No. 04-1435 of October 9, 2002, dismissed with prejudice. In her Memorandum Opinion she stated:
"Miller remains the most authoritative modern pronouncement on the amendment’s meaning and its conclusion that the right to bear arms is limited by the needs of an organized militia has subsequently been echoed by the Supreme Court and followed in this and other circuits."
The Petitioner construes the contradiction under Rule 406 of the Federal Rules of Evidence as evidence of judicial bias in Judge Ellen Segal Huvelle.
In order to properly determine the scope of the Second Amendment rights an examination of the Preamble to the U.S. Constitution and the Preamble to the Bill of Rights must be performed.
The Preamble to the U.S. Constitution reads:
We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
The Petitioner construes from the Preamble that all enforcement, legislative, or litigious actions of the U.S. Government, the States, and the People (the distribution of Tenth Amendment powers between the People, the States, and the United States Government) shall, or are intended to, conform to one or more, or any combination of the six conditions or purposes of the Preamble. These six conditions or purposes are:
(1) in Order to form a more perfect Union,
(2) establish Justice,
(3) insure domestic Tranquility,
(4) provide for the common defence,
(5) promote the general Welfare, and
(6) secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity
Petitioner further construes the scope of the Second Amendment to be part of the definition of the common defence as to be viewed through the Tenth Amendment distribution of powers as including the People reserving the Power to assist and participate in the common defence at the personal and social levels of our constitutional society by reserving the right to be openly armed through the Second, Ninth, Thirteenth, and Fourteenth Amendments as we travel the various states to guard against common crimes.
Purpose and Effect of the Preamble [fn11]
[fn11] U.S. Senate, The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation: Annotations of Cases Decided By the Supreme Court of the United States to June 29, 1992; Senate Document No. 103-6; 103d Congress, 1st Session, p. 53.
Although the preamble is not a source of power for any department of the Federal Government, [fn12] the Supreme Court has often referred to it as evidence of the origin, scope, and purpose of the Constitution.[fn13] “Its true office,†wrote Joseph Story in his COMMENTARIES, “is to expound the nature and extent and application of the powers actually conferred by the Constitution, and not substantively to create them. For example, the preamble declares one object to be, ‘to provide for the common defense.’ No one can doubt that this does not enlarge the powers of Congress to pass any measures which they deem useful for the common defence. But suppose the terms of a given power admit of two constructions, the one more restrictive, the other more liberal, and each of them is consistent with the words, but is, and ought to be, governed by the intent of the power; if one could promote and the other defeat the common defence, ought not the former, upon the soundest principles of interpretation, to be adopted?†[fn14], [fn15]
[fn12] Jacobson v. Massachusetts, 197 U.S. 11, 22 (1905)
[fn13] E.g., the Court has read the preamble as bearing witness to the fact that the Constitution emanated from the people and was not the act of sovereign and independent States, McCulloch v. Maryland, 4 Wheat. (17 U.S.) 316, 403 (1819)Chisholm v. Georgia, 2 Dall. (2 U.S.) 419, 471 (1793)Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee, 1 Wheat. (14 U.S.) 304, 324 (1816)Downes v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 244, 251 (1901)In re Ross, 140 U.S. 453, 464 (1891)
[fn14] Petitioner's emphasis.
[fn15] 1 J. Story, Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States (Boston: 1833), 462M. Adler & W. Gorman, The American Testament (New York: 1975), 63–118
The U.S. Department of Justice’s Memorandum Opinion returns us to that proverbial fork in the road where we must decide between the restrictive or the liberal constructions of the Second Amendment if we are to promote the common defence based upon the soundest principles of interpretation without the contamination of political ideologies. The restoration of the right to openly keep and bear arms is hereby demanded as the proper choice under Joseph Story’s interpretation of the common defence.
The Preamble to the Bill of Rights
Congress of the United States
Begun and held at the City of New-York, on Wednesday, March 4, 1789
THE Conventions of a number of States, having at the time of their adopting the Constitution, expressed a desire, in order to prevent misconstruction or abuse of its powers, that further declaratory and restrictive clauses should be added: And as extending the ground of public confidence in the Government, will best ensure the beneficent ends of its institution. [fn16]
RESOLVED by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, two thirds of both Houses concurring, that the following Articles be proposed to the Legislatures of the several States, as amendments to the Constitution of the United States, all, or any of which Articles, when ratified by three fourths of the said Legislatures, to be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of the said Constitution; viz.
ARTICLES in addition to, and Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America, proposed by Congress, and ratified by the Legislatures of the several States, pursuant to the fifth Article of the original Constitution.
[fn16] Petitioner's emphasis.
Petitioner asserts that the collective effect of (1) the Preamble to the Constitution; (2) Preamble to the Bill of Rights; (3) the shall not be infringed clause of the Second Amendment; (4) the Ninth, Tenth, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments; (5) the Full Faith and Credit Clause and the Privileges and Immunities Clause of Article IV; (6) the delegation of the President being the Commander in Chief of the Militia of the several States in Section 2, Article II; (7) the clause in Article IV, Section 4 stating, “The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened), against domestic Violence,†all serve as a barrier to federal firearms laws through the Commerce Clause of Section 8, Article I of the U.S. Constitution and prohibits the States from enacting laws by the same barriers through the Fourteenth Amendment.
“A right vested in a citizen means that he has the power to do certain acts, or to possess certain things, according to the law of the land.†Calder v. Bull, 3 Dall 386, 1 L.Ed. 648.
“Among the historic liberties protected by the due process clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments is the right to be free from, and to obtain judicial relief for, unjustified intrusions on personal security.†Ingraham v. Wright, 430 US 651, 97 S.Ct. 1401, 51 L.Ed.2d. 711.
The change in the official policy of the United States government on the Second Amendment is contained in Footnote 3 to the U.S. Supreme Court Brief on May 7, 2002, for the United States in Opposition to Timothy Joe Emerson v. United States on Petition for a Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, No. 01-8780; Theodore B. Olson, Solicitor General and Council of Record.
That portion of Footnote 3 reads:
The current position of the United States, however, is that the Second Amendment more broadly protects the rights of individuals, including persons who are not members of any militia or engaged in active military service or training, to possess and bear their own firearms, subject to reasonable restrictions designed to prevent possession by unfit persons or to restrict the possession of types of firearms that are particularly suited to criminal misuse. See Memorandum From the Attorney General To All United States Attorneys, Re: United States v. Emerson, Nov. 9, 2001. A copy of that memorandum is appended to this brief.
B. Stare Decisis Based on United States v. Miller 307 U.S. 174 (1939).
Petitioner disagrees with State Oil Co. v. Khan 522 U.S. 3, 118 S.Ct. 275, 139 L. Ed. 2d 199, where in that case it was said that, “The doctrine of stare decisis reflects a policy judgment that in most matters it is more important that the applicable rule of law be settled than that it be settled right.†See Appendix H for a dissenting opinion on Stare Decisis from Jon Roland of the Constitution Society. Petitioner asserts that it is more important that the applicable rule of law be settled right than that it be just simply and expediently settled lest we violate the Guarantee of a Republican Form of Government as stipulated in Article IV, Section 4 of the Constitution and introduce a Nihilistic Form of Government as we may already find under the Patriot Act where the Rule of Law suddenly becomes the Rule of Suspicion. See Appendix I for The Ninth Circuit's Interim Report: Task Force on Self-Represented Litigants Comments on the Ninth Circuit pro se Task Force Report by Charles W. Heckman, Dr. Sci., A Matter of Justice Coalition (AMOJ) Committee for the Ninth Circuit. Much of what is detailed in that Report has occurred in all of Petitioner’s cases, from the U.S. District Court to the U.S. Supreme Court to the extent that Petitioner wrote his political poem reflecting the People’s disdain for the state of American justice today. See Appendix J for Petitioner’s political poem, A Nihilistic Government, This United States.
“When the United States Supreme Court is asked to invalidate a statutory provision that has been approved by both houses of Congress and signed by the President, it should do so only for the most compelling constitutional reasons.†Mistretta v. United States, 488 US 361 (1989), 109 S Ct 647, 102 L Ed 2d 714.
The Petitioner further construes that if any particular law or any whole section of law fails to fulfill any number of these six purposes then those laws are unconstitutional and are therefore void in accordance with Marbury v. Madison, 1 Cranch 137 (1803). Compare the U.S. Department of Justice’s Memorandum Opinion for the Attorney General, Whether the Second Amendment Secures an Individual Right, dated August 24, 2004, with Judge Huvelle’s Memorandum Opinion in Appendix B. Her Memorandum Opinion will be found to be in error and the case should then be overturned and should then be remanded back to that District Court for trial. And all other subsequent Memorandum Opinions dismissing Petitioner’s other cases with prejudice will also be overturned as they were based on Judge Huvelle’s faulty opinion.