In the Army or Marines?
My experience was in the Marines. First you do some classes that explains the details of the M-16. Then you learn about the fundamentals of Marksmanship (breathing, trigger control, etc).. They teach you how to acheive a good standing, kneeling, and prone position. They want you to shoot how they teach you to shoot.. so if you dont have much experience, dont worry about it. If you do have experience, you might get yelled at if you're doing something contrary to what they're teaching. You also learn how to work the sight adjustments on the M-16.
Then you do one week of snapping in. That is you sit around a barrel with little targets painted on it and dry fire for like 2 hours a day. During this time, the Primary Marskmanship Instructor (PMI) and you Drill Instructors (DI) will observe everyone's shooting position and make sure you're doing it right.
The next week, you do live-fire at the rifle range. Monday-Weds is practice and Thurs is qual day. You shoot the same string of fire everyday, so buy Thursday, you should be good to go. On friday we did field-fire and night-fire which involves moving targets, gas masks, etc.
IIRC the string of fire for the known distance course is something like this:
200 yds
-15 rds slow fire in a time limit of 20 mins. 5 rounds each position
-10 rounds rapid fire (two mags of 5) in time limit of 70 secs, Kneeling.
300yds
-5 rds slow fire in a time limit of 4 mins. Kneeling
-10 rounds rapid fire (two mags of 5) in time limit of 70 secs, Kneeling.
500yds
-10 rds slow fire in a time limit of 10 minutes. Prone
The string of fire may have changed a little, but I think that's basically it. It's important that you're confident with how to adjust the sights, because when the wind starts kicking up, the 500yd line becomes pretty challenging.
EDIT: DUHHHH.. I noticed you said Army in your first sentence.. nevermind