My 40 Smith & Wesson loads run about 100 ft./s faster for the same bullet weight as most factory 10 mm loads. And said loads are a couple of grains below max per reloading manual. Why bother with a 10 mm for practice? I've always thought it ironic that many refer to Smith and Wesson 40 as short and week. The truth is it is a very powerful round when loaded to the high-end of the scale. Like the 9 mm the case is full of powder and very efficient. Unlike the 45 ACP and 10 mm which are roomier cases. Although large bullet do fill 10 mm case nicely.
Apologize to the op for continued the /The not answering his question.
Most 10mm Auto is underpowered. The .40 S&W was developed to duplicate the "FBI load" for the 10mm Auto, which was loaded 200+ fps below max to reduce recoil. So if your intention is to acquire .40 S&W level ballistics, then yes, the 10mm makes little sense and the .40 is probably more efficient. However, the .40 will never be able to match the performance of the 10mm Auto, so if you are looking for true magnum level performance, the 10mm Auto is the only real choice.
The .40 S&W is limited by industry specs and SAAMI to 35000 PSI, which is the same as standard pressure 9x19. There is no SAAMI or industry spec for +P .40 S&W, no firearm on the market is designed to handle .40 S&W loaded over 35000 PSI, and you should avoid entirely companies which offer .40 S&W ammo labeled as being +P, as this is unsafe, irresponsible, and loaded outside industry specs. The .45 ACP runs at 21000 for standard pressure and 23000 PSI for +P. IIRC. The 10mm Auto runs at 37500 PSI, which is really close to 9x19 +P @ 38000 PSI. So depending on your definition of efficiency, the .40 is more efficient than neither 9mm or the 10mm.
The .40 S&W has a case volume of 19.3 gr H2O. The 10mm Auto has a case volume of 24.1 gr H2O.
Bottom line is that the 10mm Auto has more capacity and a higher operating pressure, so it will always shoot the same weight bullet 200+ fps faster than the .40 S&W from the same length barrel when both cartridges are loaded to industry standard operating pressures.