My Father-in-law told me a story about .45 ACP penetration.
He was stationed with the occupation forces in Germany right after WW2. He was assigned to an MP detachment with the AAF. It seems that there was a thriving black market in the area, and one of the favored items of the thieves was the Jeep. One day some of his MPs spotted a guy as he was in the process of stealing a jeep. This jeep happened to have a steel hard top. The MPs gave chase, and the thief refused to stop, so one of the MPs pulled out his 1911 and fired one shot. The thief locked up the brakes and exited the jeep screaming. He was sure that he was a dead man. The bullet had made it through the back of the hard top, but was slowed down enough that it hit the German National in the back of the neck and then fell to the floor behind the seat. It did not even break the skin!