heavier recoil spring

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Slow the slide down.

Recoil springs slow the rearward movement of the slide on a semiauto, in this case pistols.

The 12 pound would be for a full size pistol shooting "softball" target loads. Light bullets at slower velocities means less recoil so you can use a lighter spring.

16 pounds is the standard spring weight for a 1911 .45acp. This will handle a steady diet of standard "hardball" ammo, usually 230 grain bullet pushing 900 feet per second.

18 to 20 pounds are for pistols used to shoot "hot" ammo on a regular basis. Much of the good self defense ammo pushes a relatively heavy (185-230) grain bullet in excess of 1,000 feet per second. The heavier spring stops the slide from traveling to the rear of it's mechanical movement and whacking the slide and frame together very hard with every shot.

The heavier than 20 pound springs are used on shorter handguns with less weight in the slide. Weight equals inertia, less inertia means the recoil shoots the slide rearward rather quickly. A heay spring keeps it from beating the slide against the frame.
 
Remember, the spring also drives the slide forward into battery and so we do not want to heavy a spring either. We don't want battering in that direction as well as rearward. :)
 
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