Yes, No, Kinda sorta.
A Mossberg 835 barrel will fit on a 590 with a five shot magazine.
Drawback is the 835 barrel is chambered for 3.5" shells but you can't shoot them through a 590 receiver because the ejection port isn't long enough to clear 3.5" fired hulls.
You could shoot any other length shell in the gun just fine.
Headspace won't be a great concern with the 590 and 835 barrel combination either.
The standard 590 barrel will not fit on an eight shot Model 590 because the magazine tube will be too long and the magazine cap threads too far out on the tube to properly seat the barrel.