How do you choose your powder?
Most accurate/Match loads - Reference known accurate/popular loads used by other match shooters and conduct comparison range testing to determine which powders produce smallest groups with particular bullets and firearms I am using.
These are results from 2021 USPSA annual equipment survey (Starting 2022, actual powders used were dropped from the survey but manufacturers continued) -
https://uspsa.org/magazine/view//2022-00#page=1
- Open (9mm Major 63%/38 SuperComp 34%) - 3N38 18%, AutoComp 13%, HS-6 11%, CFE Pistol 8%
- Limited/L10 (40S&W 88%/9mm 12%) - N320 23%, Titegroup 22%, Sport Pistol 11%, WST 5%
- Production (9mm) - Titegroup 35%, N320 23%, Sport Pistol 16%
- PCC (9mm) - Titegroup 31%, Sport Pistol 18%, N320 16%, Clean Shot 11%
There are good reasons why certain powders stand out:
Verifying the "most accurate" powder and charges require multiple range trips to confirm accuracy results/trend with same powder charge or subsequent range trips to fine tune with .1 gr powder charge adjustment or incremental reduction of OAL (To increase neck tension) at increasing distances.
For my USPSA 45ACP/9mm/40S&W match loads, Bullseye/Clays/WST/Titegroup/W231(HP-38)/Universal/WSF/HS-6 were tested and I ended up using W231/WSF for my minor/major PF loads for softer recoil impulse that allowed me to return front sight back on target faster. If I were to compete again, I would consider Titegroup/Sport Pistol as they produce slightly smaller groups than W231 with less temperature sensitivity and BE-86 as it produces higher velocities than WSF.
Full power/Major power factor/Duplicate factory JHP/Defensive loads - Reference published load data for highest velocities to conduct powder work up and chrono/group size testing. I like using Speer online load data as it is sorted/listed by highest velocities to lowest, newer powders along with older powders and particularly for lead bullets, start/max charges -
https://www.speer.com/reloading/handgun-data.html
For my factory duplicate Speer Gold Dot/Remington Golden Saber JHP practice rounds using same bulk bullets, I used WSF for decades due to higher velocities and softer felt recoil but in recent years, replaced with BE-86 due to higher velocities and slightly smaller groups.
Lighter recoil/Minor power factor/Target loads/Plinking loads - Reference powder burn rate chart and look at W231/HP-38 and faster burning powders as faster burning powders can often produce accuracy yet reliably cycle the slide at start-to-mid range load data. With really fast burning powders like Bullseye, if start charge will produce accuracy and reliable slide cycling, I will "work down" below published start charge in .1-.2 gr increments to see how low I can go.
For USPSA minor power factor loads, I looked to produce around 1050 fps with 124/125 gr bullet for 130-135 PF with decent level of accuracy as utmost accuracy of "Bullseye match shooting" was not necessary. I also looked at temperature sensitivity/reverse sensitivity of powders to ensure I can meet PF requirement regardless of ambient temperature -
https://www.thehighroad.org/index.p...temperature-sensitivity.817116/#post-10473222
BTW, here are groupings of powders by relative burn rates I use to better identify suitable powders for my load development -
https://www.thehighroad.org/index.p...s-and-discussions.778197/page-9#post-10644921
Faster burning pistol powders:
E3 - Competition - Nitro 100 - N310 - Norma R1
Red Dot/Promo - IMR Red - Clays - 700X - Bullseye - Vectan Ba 10 - IMR Target - TiteGroup - Vectan AS - Am. Select - Solo 1000 - WST - International - Trail Boss - N320 - Sport Pistol - Vectan Ba 9.5 - No. 2 - Clean Shot/Lovex D032.03
W231/HP-38 - Zip - Green Dot - IMR Green
Slower burning pistol powders:
Unique - Universal - IMR Unequal - Vectan Ba 9 - BE-86 - Power Pistol - N330 - Vectan A1 - Herco - Vectan A0 - WSF - N340 - 800X
No. 5 - Auto Pistol/Lovex D036-03 - True Blue - HS6 - AutoComp - Ultimate Pistol/Lovex D036-07 - CFE Pistol - Silhouette - 3N37
N350 - 3N38 - IMR Blue - W572 - Blue Dot - No. 7 - Major Pistol/Lovex D037-01 - Vectan Ba 7.5 - Pro Reach - Long Shot - 2400
Enforcer - No. 9 - Heavy Pistol/Lovex D037-02 - 4100 - Steel - Norma R123 - N110 - Lil'Gun - W296/H110 - 300-MP - 11FS - Vectan Ba 6.5 - H4227
General purpose/Paper punching/Range blasting/Lowest cost loads - This is "Jack of all trades, master of none" where a particular load must work in any firearm regardless of make/model/leade length/etc. while compromising optimal accuracy for a specific firearm.
An example load for 9mm is 115 gr FMJ/RN bullets loaded to 1.110"-1.130" OAL using the cheapest powders like Promo that will likely work in most pistols. 4.1-4.2 gr charge reliably cycled the slides of Glocks/M&P Shield and produced light recoil and 4.4-4.5 gr charge produced felt recoil more comparable to Winchester white box with slightly greater accuracy -
https://www.thehighroad.org/index.p...blended-promo-for-more-accurate-loads.841097/
Pistol Caliber Carbine loads - During the "Great Component Shortage" of 2013, I started building 9mm PCCs because 22LR prices approached 9mm reloading cost of around $5-$6/50 rounds.
During my 50/100 yard testing with various powders from Bullseye/Red Dot/Promo to BE-86, I found faster burning powders produce less soot on cases and greater accuracy. For blowback action PCCs, faster powders likely expand the case mouth/neck faster for more consistent chamber pressures before bolt/buffer start to move back and leak gas. 2021 USPSA survey showing faster burning powders used for PCC/3-gun match loads was no surprise as match shooters using blowback action PCCs probably found the same thing about burn rate vs dwell time of bolt/case mouth/neck in contact with chamber before gas leaked and pressure dropped from bolt/buffer moving back.
Currently Promo (Same burn rate as Red Dot and faster burning than Titegroup/N320/Sport Pistol) is my go to powder for PCC loads as using high-to-near max load data produces spent cases that are less sooty than W231/HP-38 and slower burning powders and produces smaller groups than W231/HP-38 but due to fast burn rate, felt recoil can be sharper depending on the powder charge. This may not be an issue for recreational shooters, but for match shooters who need the front sight to remain flat on the target, there are buffer weight/delayed blowback buffer options to offset the issue of too short of dwell time -
https://www.thehighroad.org/index.php?threads/9mm-pcc-bolt-choice.903452/#post-12248344
Powder case fill/Powder position/Air gap in relation to primer flash - For semi-auto rounds that are less than 100% powder case fill, when slammed into chamber fed from the magazine, powder position is "powder forward" with an air gap in front of the primer flash hole if case fill is low enough. Some powders can be sensitive to powder position as instead of burning from the primer flash hole towards the bullet base, you can have top-down burn if the case fill is light enough -
https://www.thehighroad.org/index.p...s-and-discussions.778197/page-8#post-10298638
As discussed in the "... Advanced Reloading ..." thread with limited range testing supported by chrono data, it appears 95%-100% powder case fill loads produce smaller group size than loads that end up with air gap/top-down powder burn when chambered. For reloading applications where powder case fill/powder position/air gap in front of primer flash hole could be a factor, especially lower powder charge target loads, larger flake/fluffy powders like Unique/Red Dot/Promo may be better suited to produce smaller groups or using shorter OAL to achieve 95%-100% case fill.
Max powder case fill calculations for specific COL/OAL and bullet length example at bottom of post for WST/9mm -
https://www.thehighroad.org/index.p...er-target-published-load-data-for-9mm.870180/
Muzzle flash brightness and size - While muzzle flash brightness and size may not be an issue shooting in bright sunlight or well lit indoor range, I have done low light/no light shooting for defensive shooting training/drills with range lights dimmed and night shooting (My defensive shooting instructor taught new PD/SD SWAT members) to notice muzzle flash brightness and size could be a factor in low light/no light shooting situations, especially with night vision use.
In this testing with no light/night vision scope use, these popular powders produced different measurable muzzle flash size -
https://www.thehighroad.org/index.php?threads/need-low-flash-9mm-powder.809859/page-2#post-10357740
HP-38 4.8 gr RMR 115 gr FMJ @ 1.130" - This load was used as reference and produced 4" long by 2" high orange colored muzzle flash from the side (Shooter's point of view - 1.5" round flash).
Promo 3.8-4.0 gr RMR 124 gr HM RN @ 1.150" - 1" long by 1" high faint orange colored muzzle flash (Shooter's POV - 0.5" round flash). In low light, muzzle flash was almost non-detectable.
BE-86 5.2 gr RMR 124 gr HM RN @ 1.150" - 2" long by 3" high bright orange muzzle flash (Shooter's POV - 3" round flash). This was by far the brightest muzzle flash of four powders tested.
CFE-Pistol 5.2 gr RMR 124 gr HM RN @ 1.150" - 1" long by 2" high orange colored muzzle flash (Shooter's POV - 2" round flash).
Availability - Like in previous component shortages, it doesn't matter what powders I want if they are unobtainium. As expected, when a shortage cycle starts, most popular powders are sold out first and we are forced to consider secondary alternate powder choices (Powders we would actually use when supplies are plentiful) and even tertiary alternate powder choices (Powders we would not use when supplies are plentiful).
After experiencing powder sourcing issues during the "Great Component Shortage" of 2013, same/comparable powders listing was developed to identify alternate powders to popular powders -
https://www.thehighroad.org/index.p...-under-different-labels.890893/#post-12318114
For 40S&W, my primary powder choices are BE-86 and WSF. My secondary choice during shortage cycle was Herco as it produced good accuracy and clean spent cases (Inside the case clean). My tertiary choice would be Promo but it produces sharper/harsher recoil than softer BE-86/WSF/Herco but I can back Promo charge down to comparable 9mm recoil.
For 9mm loads loaded to 130-135 PF, my primary powder choices are WST, Titegroup, Sport Pistol (No, I have bought N320/N340 before but happy with Sport Pistol that burns cleaner) and BE-86/WSF for higher velocity loads. Secondary powder choices are W231/HP-38, Promo/Red Dot, Bullseye, Ba 9.5, No 2/Clean Shot. Tertiary powder choices are Herco and Green Dot.