Third Rail
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Sabot projectiles solve this problem to a degree, but of course the problem of extreme heat at very high working pressures remains. They (they?) have been working on this for a long time, and most answers have or will come with new materials. Special ceramics for example might not have the tensile strength for receivers and whole barrels - but as a lining material for steel barrels might solve the barrel erosion problem quite easily. Higher yield propellants that burn at lower temperatures is another avenue.2mm dart guns firing VERY high speed projectiles are already possible. It's getting the dang barrel to last longer than a few dozen shots that's hard.
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http://ssunitedstates.org