Special instruments are made for precisely measuring group size. Attached is a photo of one made by Neil Jones. It works by centering the appropriate size ring over one of the widest holes, then extending the instrument so the same circle surrounds the opposite widest shot and reading spread on caliper. The attached magnifying lens helps to more precisely center the rings. Instruments of this type are used in Benchrest matches when exact measuring and scoring is required and they require some practice to use with necessary accuracy. Obviously, such exact accuracy is unnecessary for casual measuring and not worth the time and effort.
A very fast and sufficiently accurate way to measure groups is with digital calipers. Simply open the caliper to the appropriate bullet diameter (.308" for .30 cal. etc.) and press the zero button. With Caliper closed it then shows a negative number of your bullet diameter. Thus when you measure the group from outside to outside it automatically subtracts the bullet diameter and you read the actual group size. Simple