Next step post-Heller: the 14A Incorporation issue. Details :)

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Jim March

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Attached find three solid days of work explaining EXACTLY how incorporation works and then some.

Suggestions on tweaks/corrections welcome. It's gone through one round of outside editing/corrections already.

This is 16 pages of hardcore Constitutional history...but guys, this is important!

Appendix A covers CCW reciprocity violations which I believe to be among the most clear-cut state laws that could get affected by the post-Heller legal climate.



Note: v3 updated revision at post #64
 

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Read once initially... will need to digest/ruminate a bit this evening after work. Not a legal scholar by any means, only one to ask stupid/simple questions.

Your effort is once again apparent (kudos)...

Initial stupid question (prior to chewing the cud mind you):

What exactly is motive desired?
a.) Incorporation of 2nd?, (which could then lead to...)
b.) national CCW?, (which might very well require...)
c.) coast to coast acceptance of "Individual RKBA" even when not recognized by state constitution?, (which could/should require...)
d.) tempering Scalia's "reasonable regulations/restrictions" into a homogenous united nationwide coalition? (in way of consistent training/licensing... oh hell, call it well regulated as in a cohesive harmonious effort)

Or did I miss the boat entirely? (probably) :confused:

I hate things that challenge me to actually, you know, think. I need to print your essay on paper and allow myself to marginalize thoughts/questions.

Obviously this quest is a long term effort, how do you see it best managed?

[edited to add... why were the 2nd & 5th excluded from initial "incorporation"?]
 
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Initial stupid question (prior to chewing the cud mind you):

What exactly is motive desired?
a.) Incorporation of 2nd?, (which could then lead to...)

Well let's go all the way back to the events that led to Cruikshank: local government officials stripped people of their arms without cause, for the purpose of doing them harm.

That would never happen today, right?

Yeah, right.

It DID happen in the aftermath of Katrina. People were stripped of arms without cause, and once disarmed were moved out of the city even when their property was in decent shape. It now appears that Katrina was used as an excuse to move lower-income blacks out - permanently. This wasn't proper AT ALL and the disarmament appears to be connected to it.

In the Cruikshank case, Federal authorities could do nothing about the abuse.

In a post-Heller world with the 2nd incorporated against the state (Cruikshank no longer valid), the FBI could investigate the illegal disarmament that happened in New Orleans and in theory, prosecute the cops who did it and the local officials who gave the orders. Or failing that, people could sue in Federal civil court to punish the civil rights abuses, including the (numerous) abuses of 2nd Amendment rights.

Ultimately, this is where we're going: using the Federal court systems (civil and in extreme cases even criminal) to control state and local abuses of our RKBA.

b.) national CCW?, (which might very well require...)

That's the one thing we're NOT going to get, not directly anyhow.

The best we can hope for regarding CCW is to get it established that we have the right to defend ourselves outside our own homes. The Heller court hinted at that (strongly) but didn't actually take us there explicitly because it didn't come up in Heller (we weren't asking for that yet).

Once "some kind" of outdoor personal defense is established, next question is "how"? At a minimum, a state could decide whether to do CCW or not, and if not, be forced into allowing the open-carry alternative.

That's what happened in Ohio: early this decade, we sued to get CCW. At the Ohio Supreme Court, we "lost" in that the court said we had no right to get CCW through the Ohio RKBA clause (which is quite decent) but in passing the Ohio Supremes said "but that's OK, your right isn't infringed because you can open carry".

"Oh really? Well that'll be BIG news for Toledo, Cleveland, etc. cops who've been busting anybody who open carries..."

And it was big news. It's likely the Ohio Supremes didn't realize what a shocker that comment was, because as a practical matter open carry had been harassed out of existence with no actual law against it. The Supreme's support of OC triggered large-scale open-carry protest marches, which netted us a damned good CCW system about a year later.

In other words, support for open carry can likely be leveraged into CCW in the same fashion elsewhere.

That said, even if a state like California supports CCW but not OC, fine, they still have to run the CCW system on a fair and equitable basis rather than the crap they pull now.

So we're looking at a patchwork, "checkerboard" set of solutions varying in each state, but all going in the right direction if we ride them hard enough.

c.) coast to coast acceptance of "Individual RKBA" even when not recognized by state constitution?, (which could/should require...)

Yup. California turns out to be a classic example: when their state constitution declares the Federal constitution "the supreme law of the land", "incorporation" becomes a non-issue as the state has auto-incorporated the whole US Constitution, amendments and all. So unless some court pulls a dirty, we RIGHT NOW have an RKBA in California where we had none pre-Heller.

d.) tempering Scalia's "reasonable regulations/restrictions" into a homogenous united nationwide coalition? (in way of consistent training/licensing... oh hell, call it well regulated as in a cohesive harmonious effort)

There will be certain minimum standards states can't ignore. These will develop over time but it looks like:

* Discretionary permit issuance is going to die;

* Home defense is always legal;

* Some method of personal defense outside the home must be allowed.

Past that my crystal ball is murky :).

I hate things that challenge me to actually, you know, think. I need to print your essay on paper and allow myself to marginalize thoughts/questions.

Hey, we're in new territory here. That's understood.

Obviously this quest is a long term effort, how do you see it best managed?

You're kidding, right? What is this "managed" thing of which you speak?

:)

Seriously, it's gonna be a dogpile. People are going to try every imaginable challenge. My main hope:

* We first start with various forms of cross-state-border discrimination (reciprocity blunders, CCW-for-in-state-resident-only programs such as California). I think those are MOST vulnerable because they run afoul of both Heller *and* Saenz, and don't involve incorporation. This is the "low hanging fruit" ripe for the plucking.

* Also easy targets: all forms of "discretionary permits", especially where abuse is common. CCW in California, NY, etc. This also affects local law enforcement sign-off on Class3 stuff.

* What I don't want to see is people diving right into trying to legalize the "most evil looking" types of hardware...street sweepers, 50BMGs, M4geries with big mags, Class3 stuff, etc. I'm not against these, please don't get mad at me, I'm saying these aren't the starting point.

[edited to add... why were the 2nd & 5th excluded from initial "incorporation"?]

They weren't "excluded" at all, the Supremes simply never got to them. (The pieces are the 2nd, 3rd (in their entireties) and the portion of the 5th covering grand jury indictment.) Everything else got "selectively incorporated" piece at a time across 60+ years in various cases.

Incorporation is by now so complete that it's more or less a dead certainty that the 2nd will be incorporated. If we can show that the old Supreme Court cases that say it's NOT incorporated are so revolving no lower court should support them (coughCRUIKSHANKcough) then we might get incorporation in some areas even before the Supremes rule directly on incorporation of the 2nd.

And that's a big goal of this document, to get the background info out there in usable circulation so that people know how to push for their rights, and where to push hardest.
 
Jim,
Thanks for the very informative article. By the way, Maryland is in the same boat as CT, they prohibit both CC and OC unless you have a permit or are a cop. The penalty is a misdemeanor punishable by not more than 3 years in jail, so its a good thing it can be challenged administratively if they deny a permit rather than risk a conviction.

I've been thinking about applying for a permit with a justification of "For open carry of a handgun only, in light of DC v Heller" and see how they respond. Their system does allow restrictions to be placed on individual permit holders, commonly used to only allow carrying while moving cash or valuables for business, etc, so an open carry restriction would be interesting.

Kharn

ETA: Applicable code
 
Kharn: I would apply for a standard CCW in MD. I would take the position that MD can likely choose between allowing self defense via open carry or CCW, and can have a CCW system, but they can NOT have an arbitrary, capricious and discretionary CCW system as they have now.

For "good cause" I would put "to allow exercise of my personal right to self defense as per Heller".

If I were still a Cali resident I would do likewise.
 
No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
I think that a better argument is made that the 2A protects a liberty and no state can deprive you of a liberty without due process being considered.

I have never liked trying to make "privileges or immunities" apply to basic liberties. It seems to me that doing so concedes the principle that government can regulate liberty as they see fit since it converts it from a liberty to some kind of priviledge.
 
Jim,
Excellent paper on the history and analysis of how we got into this mess. Besides NRA's action against San Francisco, what do you see as the next steps in CA (for CCW or OC). How do you propose getting CA to make their CCW non-discretionary. Could someone apply for a CCW license, get rejected and immediately bring action, or would he need to go through the getting arrested part?

ETA: Where will the 9th Circuit lean going forward?
 
Thanks for the very informative article. By the way, Maryland is in the same boat as CT, they prohibit both CC and OC unless you have a permit or are a cop.

Kharn, CT is shall issue, Maryland is not... But I get your point. Why do we need a permit at all for a handgun?

We can carry once we get it, and CT just admitted that open carry is not illegal once you have that permit.
 
I like the idea of using open carry to get concealed carry.

"Mr. anti gunner, our state constution, and possibly the Bill of Rights in the US constitution, protect our rights to open carry, if you don't like us carrying concealed.".

Mr. Anti gunner: "Well, if the right is protected, then I'd rather have you carry concealed because I don't want to have to look at any icky guns out in public. I just might toss my liberal cookies if I see too many handguns in public. Please, carry them concealed. I'll agree to let you have that right protected if you'll agree not to carry openly. Deal?"

We can use hoplophobes' paranoia against them if we can establish that our right to keep AND BEAR arms is protected by the US Bill of Rights or at least by certain state constitutions.


In Minnesota, we have no written protection for the RKBA. :( :fire: :banghead:
 
I know it takes a couple minutes to read through, but those of you who scan through this thread should really download the .pdf, take a couple minutes, and read through it. A couple minutes will really solidify the upcoming RKBA battles, incorporation, etc.

Eventually, this thread should be stickied as a resource on incorporation.
 
USAFNoDAk: trust me, not only did that work EXACTLY that way in Ohio, the gun-grabbers are deathly afraid of that tactic.

True story: around...I *think* early 2005, mebbe '04, the California "usual suspects" gun grabbers proposed a law to get rid of the last vestige of California open carry (involving unloaded guns). The existing law protected re-enactors with blanks, hunters or other rural travelers, and wasn't being used by gang-banger types. In fact, the police lobbies couldn't figure out where the bill came from.

I finally cornered the bill's actual author (infamous grabber-consultant Irwin Nowick) in the hall and asked him flat-out what was up. He admitted that the goal was to block open-carry rallies patterned after what happened in Ohio.

Sheesh. We made like Tarantino and "Killed Bill" on that one :).

Riverdog:

Could someone apply for a CCW license, get rejected and immediately bring action, or would he need to go through the getting arrested part?

Absolutely somebody could apply, get denied, sue. And it should be a drop-dead winner this time, even without a minority co-plaintiff. Mind you, I still think a minority co-plaintiff would HELP :). An arrest would absolutely NOT be needed to do a challenge.

Now, the same applies in theory for an out-of-stater. However, it's harder to come in to apply to set up the suit, and an out-of-stater doing the "arrest first" gameplan has an advantage in the Saenz case. The more I look at it, the more I think Saenz might have been usable even pre-Heller just arguing that California cannot set up CCW for state residents only. Post-Heller, I think Saenz plus Heller is an unbeatable combination. AGAIN: THIS IS MY PERSONAL OPINION! I AM >>NOT<< TELLING ANYBODY TO BREAK THE LAW!!! Capische?

ilbob: it's easy to get hung up on the term "privilege" because of it's modern meaning but...when they used the term "privilege or immunity" in 1868 they were talking about a hard'n'fast civil right, immutable by gov't action. Read the Dred Scott case top-to-bottom to really understand that phrase - it's used over 30 times and extensively defined.

Look, have you ever heard the old-fashioned term "privileged class", meaning somebody so rich and/or connected they're basically above the law? They have the "privilege" of doing whatever the hell they want to do. This is similar to the older meaning that is found in the 14th Amendment, of cast-iron rights.

Don't fear the term "privilege".
 
I need to mention that Gaiudo was among the small pool of early reviewers who helped catch typos and otherwise clean things up. Based on comments on the first draft, it jumped from 10 pages to 16 - I added in the Slaughter-house section and the Hugo Black quote in Adamson, and Dave Markowitz helped me find the Saenz case which led to Appendix A.

Wasn't entirely a one-man effort :).
 
Has (for example) Dave Kopel been sent a copy of this--or, perhaps, even Alan Levy?

My scan of this rev.1.0 suggests it is extremely important for us to use to plan the tactics of the ongoing movement.

Formally, and informally, the more the people who will act on the current bases work off the same page, we have a stronger movement.

Passing this around now will give us the benefit of more exposure and a stronger critique and analysis.

Jim H.
 
Thanks, that's a good read. I was vaguely aware of much of the history, but this spells it all out nicely. What concerns me is this; look at footnote #23 from Heller:

With respect to Cruikshank’s continuing validity on incorporation,
a question not presented by this case, we note that Cruikshank also
said that the First Amendment did not apply against the States and did
not engage in the sort of Fourteenth Amendment inquiry required by
our later cases. Our later decisions in Presser v. Illinois, 116 U. S. 252,
265 (1886) and Miller v. Texas, 153 U. S. 535, 538 (1894), reaffirmed
that the Second Amendment applies only to the Federal Government.

To me, it sounds like Scalia is saying "Cruikshank was obviously nonsense since it also held that the 1st amendment is not incorporated; but see also these other, later opinions which held that the 2nd amendment did not restrain the states." :uhoh: Of course, Presser relies on Cruikshank, but given this long history of judicial abuses of logic (and throw in the tortured logic of the 4 dissenting justices in Heller) I don't really trust the Court to do the right thing here.
 
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Ergosphere,

It reads to me like the majority opinion is laying a pretty clear blueprint for how a later court would go about the question of incorporation. They indicate that a court dealing with this question will have to deal with Presser et al, but reminds such a court that those finders were based on Cruikshank, which has already been disregarded by the 4th amendment.

Edit: I, also, would like to see this dissertation published on something like Volokh, and see what that bunch has to say about this. I thought it was extremely well done, and should have a broader legal hearing.
 
Ergosphere: I'd be worried, except that Presser and Miller v. Texas do NO new study of the matter. They're straight-up "Cruikshank re-hashes". If Cruikshank falls, so do both of those. And it's dead obvious to anybody who reads Presser or Miller v. Texas.

If that wasn't bad enough, Presser at least (not sure about Miller) also cite to Barron v. Baltimore, which is even more thoroughly discredited than Cruikshank. Remember, both the Silveira decision in the 9th Circuit and Emerson in the 5th blew wet razzberries all over Barron.
 
Yup. California turns out to be a classic example: when their state constitution declares the Federal constitution "the supreme law of the land", "incorporation" becomes a non-issue as the state has auto-incorporated the whole US Constitution, amendments and all. So unless some court pulls a dirty, we RIGHT NOW have an RKBA in California where we had none pre-Heller.
Getting the Kamala Harris's and Gavin Newsom's and the Ronald George's and the Stephen Reinhardt's and Pamela Rymer's to agree, however, is going to take lawsuits.

I think we'll win. I think it will take a couple of years.
 
Ergosphere: I'd be worried, except that Presser and Miller v. Texas do NO new study of the matter. They're straight-up "Cruikshank re-hashes". If Cruikshank falls, so do both of those. And it's dead obvious to anybody who reads Presser or Miller v. Texas.

Let's hope the justices actually think that way. After reading Stevens' and Breyer's dissent on Heller, I wouldn't put anything past 'em.


If that wasn't bad enough, Presser at least (not sure about Miller) also cite to Barron v. Baltimore, which is even more thoroughly discredited than Cruikshank. Remember, both the Silveira decision in the 9th Circuit and Emerson in the 5th blew wet razzberries all over Barron.

I hope you're right, but then there's Nordyke...
 
What's seriously comical is that Fresno Rifle, Hickman, Nordyke and even Silveira all ignore the California constitutional provision incorporating the whole Federal const. including the BoR.

Now maybe it wasn't briefed...but that means FOUR different sets of gunnie lawyers all missed that point? Seems damned unlikely to me...

And yeah, you CAN make a claim against a state constitutional problem in Federal court. Last I heard anyhow.
 
Jim,

I also think there is a better argument for CCW in CA. What we have to do is Challange the "Good Cause" in California's "May Issue System. Please Follow my logic:

CALIFORNIA CONSTITUTION
ARTICLE 1 DECLARATION OF RIGHTS

SECTION 1. All people are by nature free and independent and have
inalienable rights. Among these are enjoying and defending life and
liberty, acquiring, possessing, and protecting property, and pursuing
and obtaining safety, happiness, and privacy.


CALIFORNIA CONSTITUTION
ARTICLE 3 STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SEC. 1. The State of California is an inseparable part of the
United States of America, and the United States Constitution is the
supreme law of the land
.


CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Article. VI.
All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation.
This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding.
The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States.

BILL OF RIGHTS
SECOND AMENDMENT
A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.

AMENDMENT XIV
Note: Article I, section 2, of the Constitution was modified by section 2 of the 14th amendment.
Section 1.
All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

SCOUTS, Heller v. DC (2008),
2nd Amendment is an Individual right for “Self Defense” both in and outside the home. “to bear” is “to carry, even in the pocket”.GINSBURG dissenting opinion in Muscarello v. US, 524 U.S. 125 (1998), in the course of analyzing the meaning of “carries a firearm” in a federal criminal statute, Justice Ginsburg wrote, “Surely a most familiar meaning is, as in the Constitution’s Second Amendment…indicates: ‘wear, bear, or carry…upon the person or in the clothing or in a pocket, for the purpose…of being armed and ready for offensive or defensive action in case of conflict with another person,’” Id., at 143 (dissenting opinion).

SCOUTS
Warren v. District of Columbia 444 a 2d 1
Law Enforcement Has NO OBLIGATION to protect an individual.

Licensing, taxes and waiting periods are not reasonable restrictions on fundamental, individual rights as licensing, taxes and waiting periods are unconstitutional when it involves one's rights.
Murdoch v. Pennsylvania, 319 U.S. 105 (1943) (cannot be compelled to pay a tax in order to exercise a right)
Shapiro v. Thompson, 394 U.S. 618 (1969) (waiting period for welfare check is void as it touches upon fundamental right of interstate travel)
Thomas v. Collins, 323 U.S. 516, 538-40 (1945) (registration to exercise a right is unconstitutional)
United States v. Jackson, 390 U.S. 570, 581 (1968) (government cannot chill exercise of fundamental right)
Minnepolis Star v. Minnesota Commn'r of Rev., 460 U.S. 575 (1983) (taxes on fundamental are unconstitutional)

Then as you can see there is also the argument against LIcensing. I'd be willing to sacrifice licensing as a reasonable restriction for "Self Defense" as a "Good Cause".

The Common Thread is "Self Defense" California Constitution Article 1 Section 1 defines our "Inaliable Rights" to "Self Defense", Defense of Property" and ability to "Obtain Safety" (again tied to "self defense"). Then Defers in Article 3 Section 1 to the United States Constitution. The US Constitution 2nd Amendment was clearly defined in Heller to be for "Self Defense", (dissenting opinion "Individual Right to "keep", (posess) and "Bear" to keep on ones person or in a pocket for "Self Defense", Ginsburg). Article VI of The US Constitution binds Judges even state level to "be bound" by the US LAW. The 14th Amendment, "No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States" reinforces both the State and National Constitutions. Finally Warren v. DC provides relief. If LEO have "NO OBLIGATION" to protect and the "Inaleaible Right", and common thread of "Self Defense" runs throughout all Documents we must be able to defend ourselves both in and outside of the home.

In Conclusion, IMHO California MUST accept "Self Defense" as a "Good Cause" for issuance. If Denied, then both National and State rights are being infringed and because "Judges are bound" they must rule accordingly. It would be foolish for any city or LEO to challenge such an argument only to lose in the end and commit Civil Rights Violations.

What do you think?
 
Jim,

That's a real eye-opener, and a good read. It connects the dots in a few ways I hadn't considered. I was largely ignorant of Saenz v. Roe, and it hadn't occurred to me that it was related to incorporation.
 
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