The M16 series is the only common semiauto/fullauto that uses a dust cover. As PremiumSauces mentioned, the AK series of rifles doesn't use one, nor does the M1 Garand, M14, H&K G3, or the FN FAL. There's plenty of war stories with most of those rifles and hard use in all kinds of nasty environments.
The dust cover only really protects the rifle when it is not in use. Once any firing begins, the last thing you worry about is putting your cover back up between shots. It helps the M16 series stay less gritty, but then again the M16 bolt assembly is more sensitive to dusty environments than the XCR bolt assembly design. During the Army extreme dust environment testing of 2007, the M4 had almost 900 stoppages in 60k rounds while the other competing rifles like the FN SCAR and H&K XM8(with no dust covers) only had stoppages between 150-250 times. The bolt assembly design is of more importance for good reliability than a dust cover. The XCR's reliabilty is on par with the SCAR and XM8.