Well, there are three challenges that the range offers which would have to be represented on your mini-range.
1) Angular size of the target.
This is easy, just shrink the target porportionally. 36" target @ 600 yards = 6" target at 100 yards.
2) Drop of the bullet.
Unfortunately, angular drop is (roughly) proportional to Distance/Cartridge_Velocity. We don't actually care about the total drop in inches, just the drop in miliradians/moa.
I'm not certain that drop matters for a training exercise meant to simulate know distance targets, though. That's a personal call, I suppose.
3) Wind drift of bullet.
Again, angular deflection is roughly proportional to Distance/Velocity.
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So, essentially, I see two levels of realism that your miniature range can offer:
1) Reduced size targets only. That is, shoot 1/6th sized targets at 1/6th the range, so that they look the right size.
This is what I do most of the time - 1/5th, 1/10th, 1/15th, 1/20th, 1/25th size targets shot at 20 yards to simulate targets at ranges from 100-500 yards, though I actually simulate very tall 12" cylinders, not human torsos.
1b) Target sizes reduced so that wind compensation is just as important as it would be at your desired range.
For instance, wind drift of 308@600 yards@5mph@9o'clock is roughly 16", or .8 times the width (broadside) of a human torso. So you scale your targets at 100 yards so that the wind drift of your bullet (1.36"@5mph?) carries it .8 times the width of the target.
Which means you make some targets which are 1.7" wide. IIRC, that's just about the diameter of a paper towel roll.
Unfortunately, 1.7*6=10.2, so your targets are a bit harder to see and point at than a human at 600 yards.
2) Scale your range to the ballistic performance of the cartridge.
For .17HMR, that would mean...
155 yards, if data (MVs, Bcs, calculations) from "Remington Shoot!", Varmin Al's (MVs, BCs), and "Point Blank" (calculations) can be trusted.
Which doesn't seem quite right, but whatever.
I used data for a 165 grain .308 bullets: Bc of .475 @ 2700 fps.