In terms of ubiquitous general purpose centerfire rifle cartridges, it pretty much comes down to four: .308, .30-06, .270, and 7mm Remington mag. As with anything rifle-related, there are of course a million nearly interchangeable options, but those are the popular ones. They all have basically the same capabilities - taking all NA game except for bison and the great bears out to about 300-400y. Of course any of them is more than sufficient for humans. There are some minor differences - the .270 shoots flat, but is most challenged on bigger game like elk and moose. The .308 is the most challenged at range. The 30-06 and 7mm mag recoil harder. The 7mm mag has the longest reach.