From a 1903 Savage Arms catalog:
303 - "Its penetration is about ten inches in clear white pine, making a very large hole."
30-30 - "Penetration in white pine, 8 inches, making a large hole."
There's also a letter printed in the same catalog from E. T. Ezekiel from Wood Island, Alaska dated Jan 17, 1899, saying in part, "Referring to the Savage I bought from you last year, it may be of interest to you to know that I have succeeded in killing a whale with the .303 mushroom bullet. I believe that this experience is very exceptional and probably quite different from any testimonials you have received heretofore."
The few 190 grain cartridges that I used in the late 60s and early 70s on Michigan whitetails were all heart/lung shots. I have not killed, or even shot at, any whales, there being very few of them in Michigan (disregarding my sister-in-law and a couple of Yupers that I know) and I haven't seen any in Alabama, either.
Hope this helps.