full metal jacket: it is just like it sounds. the bullet core is typically encased in a copper jacket so that there is no exposed lead.
nosler partition: a soft-pointed hunting bullet design for deep penetration. the 'partition' is kind of like a little wall in the back half of the bullet that prohibits this part of the bullet from expanding. the front of the bullet is free to expand as much as it can, even to the point of seperating itself from the rest of the bullet; the shank, however, will remain intact.
boat-tail: hunting or target bullet that has the base bevelled. this bevelling results in a more aerodynamic bullet than a flat base. boat tails tend to fly flatter, further, but you generally must shoot pretty long distances to get any sort of a ballistic advantage over the flat base. the major con to a boat tail is that, by design, they are more fragile than their flat base counterparts.
hornady v-max: lightly constructed bullet designed to expand (fragment) rapidly and violently on impact. these bullets are at their best on varmints. they are not a hunting bullet.
hornady a-max: similiar to a v-max except that it is designed for target shooting at long range.
nosler ballistic tip: these waters are murky, to say the least. some ballistic tips are designed for big game hunting, others are just like the v-max in that they are varmints-only.
sierra game-kings: bullet made by sierra that features a boat tail. some are soft point (exposed lead) and some are hollow point. in either case, game kings are big game hunting bullets.
sierra pro-hunter: same thing as the game king except it has a flat base.
sierra match king: target bullet. typified by a boat tail and hollow point.
somebody else's turn...