Off the cuff this question would likely be better served in the Gunsmithing and Repairs section of the forums.
At a glance to do it right your best bet would be to have a gunsmith (a good gunsmith) do this working from a new barrel blank. Additionally the bolt face of the 1891 Mauser may have to be opened up a little. Also without some research I am not sure the 1891 action would handle the .308 cartridge pressures. This just being at a glance.
The '93 (1916) barrel shank is smaller in diameter and shorter than 1891.
Only slightly smaller so you might could do some lathe work on the shoulder and get a sloppy fit until snugged up against the new shoulder location. Maybe. I am not a gunsmith to be certain.
Then there is the problem that the 1916 is barely adequate for .308 and the 1891 is a generation older design.
I wouldn't, whether with a kluged up 1916 or new barrel.
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