.310 is the minimum that you want in cast for .308. If they are not gas checked, you need to load them down to @1200 with a pistol powder. Any 170 grs cast bullet at 1200 fps and above will stabilize with the 1:12 twist rate. If the ones you are shooting are not gas checked, there’s your major problem - they are suffering from gas cutting. Slow them down and things should improve.
Before buying more cast bullets for the 30-30 (and your 94 is ideal for shooting cast btw), you may want to slug the bore. If this is an old rifle, there may be throat erosion, and it may run more .309+ than .308. Load to the throat, so it could be that .311 bullets are even better than .310. 1500 -1700 is the sweet spot for cast in 30-30 for me, but that’s mainly from a Marlin microgroove barrel, whereas with yours, properly fitted gas checked bullets should be fine up to 2000 fps.
Don’t let this experience put you off. The 30-30 is ideal for cast bullets.