If it weren't for NATO, we may have kept the .30-06 going at least as long as .45ACP. Nothing against '06, but it is a bit overkill for most bad guys.
We could go for 7.62x39 or 5.54x39. Hey, they are produced in large numbers and available all over the world!
No, my thoughts on the most ideal would be something 6-7mm caliber with bullet weights in the 75-125 grain area and muzzle energy of 1500-2000 ft*lb. Just browsing the rifle cartridges in Wikipedia, something like a .260 Remington or .257 Roberts looks like a good place to start, but shorten the case somewhat to reduce size/mass.