You could use any case that fits over the neck of the 308 Win case and rests somewhere on the shoulder. 3809 ACP maybe, 38 Special, or 357 magnum. If you can cut the body or\ a 223 Rem case square, that would work as well. Or another bottle neck case with smaller body that the 308 Win case.Don't have any 40 cal cases. Hopefully the Sheridan Case Gauge will come this week.
Your measurement will be a comparison with a case that works, your measurement will not match any standard for the case.
A 40 S&W case just puts the case near the center of the shoulder and does not require any trimming.