.30-06 is an American icon and a true classic. There will be components and data available for the 06 for as long as the Stars and Stripes exist, and it can do just about anything you need a rifle to do on this continent out considerably farther than you need it to. I've been shooting this cartridge since I was about twelve years old. Back then I was much smaller and had more respect for the recoil it provided. Still has about as much as I want to deal with for prolonged time periods, but not so much that just about anybody shouldn't be able to cope.
.270 was my first deer rifle and still holds a special place in my heart. Can do just about anything the 06 can with marginally less recoil and potentially flatter trajectory, if you ever need to go beyond 200 yards. Not as many component options as .30-06.
.308 is quickly becoming my favorite out of the bunch. Near identical performance to the 06 in most applications and slightly less recoil, by the numbers. Plenty of data and components, almost overwhelming, in fact. Accurate and efficient, versatile and effective, and readily available in almost any guise.
I vote .308, but as mentioned, all the cartridges you mentioned will be functionally almost identical to well beyond the range limitations you have set. None of your choices qualify as intermediate powered, like the small bore cartridges you are apparently used to. You didn't mention how much experience you have beyond what you listed and how well you deal with recoil. In a light rifle, you may find the 06 to be a little rude. Have you considered the .243 Winchester? The .300 Savage (does Savage even offer a .300 Savage anymore)?
What is this utter nonsense, as in not sensible, about long action vs short action? Did I miss the post where the OP said, "Oh, and BTW, I regularly travel to Norway to participate in Stangskyting competitions, so saving micro-seconds on bolt throw is critical."
Funny. But on that note:
No, I didn't. Why do the 308 fanboys have to be so chippy? Yes, the top end of the 308 is rather less than 30-06. Yes, the 30-06 will throw large chunks of metal better.
While we're grasping at straws, the OP never said he was going to Norway to hunt moose, where the ability to shoot a high sectional density, heavy for caliber bullet 4% faster might come in handy. A good argument could be made that while neither advantage is earth shattering, the ability to find the .308 in lighter, more compact and responsive rifle, and it's more efficient case's ability to achieve better performance from shorter barrels is more useful for the rifle's intended purpose than a supposed ballistic advantage the 06 provides.