I voted 357 Mag, as has been stated for it's versatility. I enjoy shooting 357mag in my gp100, sp101 and my Winchester 94. The 94 is by far my favorite long gun and is deadly accurate and quick to handle.
A few years ago a buddy and I took a several shoulder hams out to the woods and did our own testing of rounds and the damage they caused on these chunks of meat and bone. We shot at about 10 yards. Out of 22lr, 380, 38 spec, 9mm, 357, 44, 5.56 and 12 ga, the damage was as follows...
Not much difference between the 22lr, 9mm, 38, 380. All were jhp rounds from a variety ofmanufacturers. All rounds passed through and left wound channels commensurate with their size.
The 5.56 was FMJ and obviously passed right through the meat, shattering bone and blowing a decent size (2-3") chunk out.
The 12 ga. was by far the most devastating. The 3" 000 buck obliterated the shoulder ham, blasting bones and meat to bits. Made me rethink my HD choice... downgrading to 2 3/4" 00 buck.
Between the 44 and 357. The 44 were Gold Dots, the 357 were winchester silver tips. The 357 foar outperformed the 44. Blowing large chunks of meat and bone into the air, tearing the meat apart. The 44 was impressive also, but really no comparison.
I know nothing of ballistic tables and FPS and so forth. I only know what I observed about these specific rounds and that makes the 357 my go to round in most circumstances.
Still though, I plan on a 44 mag revolver (Ruger alaskan, probably) and a Lever action carbine to match at some point.... just because.
John