.30-06..308 is more readily available and just as powerful
Not actually.
A Federal 150-grain SP (3006A) leaves the muzzle at 2910 fps.
A Federal .308 SP in same weight (308A) leaves the muzzle at 2820.
Granted, these are fairly close. The difference expands when you go heavier, though.
P308E (180-grain Nosler Partition): 2570 fps.
P3006F (same bullet): 2700 fps.
Not only is this a much larger velocity difference than that seen in the lighter bullet loads, but since the weight is 30 grains higher, the energy difference is even more significant, with the .308 delivering 2640 ft-lbs at the muzzle, vs. 2913 ft-lbs for the '06. That's 273 ft-lbs of difference, right there.
180 grain is the heaviest bullet Federal loads for the .308, while they load up to a 220 grain bullet for the .30-06. The 200 grain Bear Claw leaves the muzzle at 2540 fps, which gives it 2865 ft-lbs of energy, which is 225 ft-lbs more energy in a round with greater sectional density. These seemingly small differences may seem a lot more important if you're the type of guy who wants to be able to use one caliber for hunting heavy game in North America. With practice, a .30-06 seems like a reasonable round for just about any big game in North America, while .308 seems a little underpowered for the really big stuff.
If you're talking about defending against
humans, on the other hand- hell, anything more powerful than a .22 Magnum rifle is powerful enough.
------
I used to really want a little 9x23mm carbine, but Winchester White Box 9x23mm (a soft point that actually expanded) is no longer the same price as 9x19mm ball!
There were several stories, some years ago, about caliber conversions being done on M1 Carbines, but I only really heard about one guy doing them.
John