Um... of those listed, for cartridge, I'd say .30-06 for the reasons given by others--it's versatility. Just from commercially available stuff, you can purchase low recoil rounds, varmint rounds, long range rounds, mid-sized game rounds, and big game rounds. (These "categories" are subjective, yes, but just illustrating the point) To be honest, it will do everything that the others listed will do just as well (except MAYBE .223... Probably can't be loaded down to that level), but the opposite isn't true. This is one theory.
The other theory is to go with a medium caliber that can go towards smaller game without completely obliterating it, and that can go towards very large came with perfect shots. This would be something like .223, .22-250, .243, or .25-06, amongst others, too. The .30-06 can take anything from varmints and up. These would take anything except the extremes... squirrels on one end, and something like Bison on the other.