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The M16A2 and was my service rifle for 8 years, and I think the M16 has been serving American servicemembers far longer than any other rifle.
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The M16 has been in service for 40 years now, from about '64-'65 to present. That makes it the longest serving Class A (preferred) rifle.
The longest serving rifle in total is the '03 Springfield. It was Class A for a little more than 30 years, and Class B (authorized substitute) for about 15 years more, and soldiered on in special applicatons (for example, as a sniper rifle) right up into the early years of the Viet Nam War.
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Unless, of course, you mean .30+ milsurp when you say battle rifle.
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A "battle rifle" is generally considered to be a full-power rifle, and normally bolt action or semi-automatic only. That would mean the M1, M14, and so on.
The M16 and AK 47 and similar weapons are considered "Assault rifles" (from the German MP 44 Sturmgewehr). Assault rifles tend to be lighter and shorter than battle rifles, are chambered for an "intermediate" cartridge (less powerful than a battle rifle, but more powerful than a pistol or submachine gun) and capable of selective fire (semi- and full-auto.)