We already have far too many SHTF threads on this board. Far too many.
Not trying to be snarky, but a little bit of searching will turn up quite a lot of information.
Your best bet is to have a large stockpile of ammunition of your own, and to own some firearms chambered in common calibers. For example, I stick with 9mm, .30-30, 7.62x54R, .22LR, .223/5.56, 12 guage, .357Mag and .38spcl. I've got my bases covered for the common calibers, I think.
You could, taking this to the extreme, buy an H&R handi rifle or Thompson Center rifle and have a selection of barrels in different calibers. Expensive, but doable. They'd be single shot. There are also various combo packs of these single shot rifles/shotguns...I've seen like 20 gauge, .22 LR combos and I think even 3 caliber combos.