The .357 cartridge is about .10 inch longer than the .38 for just that reason; to keep the much hotter .357 from going into a .38 special gun.
That said, the original Ruger SP101 was a .38 Special, but in typical Ruger fashion, was overengineered for the .38. Some enterprising gunsmiths tried reaming the chambers out to take .357s, and found that the revolver shot them just fine. Due to the cylinder length, there was a limitation on the overall length of the .357 cartridge used. Soon afterward, the SP101 was modified with a longer cylinder and stamped ".357". The rest is history.