Fallacy Of Composition:
assuming that a whole has the same simplicity as its constituent parts. In fact, a great deal of science is the study of emergent properties. For example, if you put a drop of oil on water, there are interesting optical effects. But the effect comes from the oil/water system: it does not come just from the oil or just from the water.
Another example: "A car makes less pollution than a bus. Therefore, cars are less of a pollution problem than buses."
Another example: "Atoms are colorless. Cats are made of atoms, so cats are colorless."
Another example: "I don't see any white people in this 7/11. This 7/11 must discriminate against white people."
Another example: "I don't see any "people of color"* at this non-mandatory gathering of like-minded individuals. This voluntary assemblage of people is a group that harbors racist attitudes against "people of color".*
*"people of color" being any color of your choosing.
Check
Fallacy Of Composition:
Also:
Argument By Generalization:
drawing a broad conclusion from a small number of perhaps unrepresentative cases. (The cases may be unrepresentative because of Selective Observation.) For example, "They say 1 out of every 5 people is Chinese. How is this possible? I know hundreds of people, and none of them is Chinese." So, by generalization, there aren't any Chinese anywhere. This is connected to the Fallacy Of The General Rule.
Similarly, "Because we allow terminally ill patients to use heroin, we should allow everyone to use heroin." Or "Because I don't see any minorities present, there are no minority members."
It is also possible to under-generalize. For example,
"A man who had killed both of his grandmothers declared himself rehabilitated, on the grounds that he could not conceivably repeat his offense in the absence of any further grandmothers."
-- "Ports Of Call" by Jack Vance
Thus:
Argument By Selective Observation:
also called cherry picking, the enumeration of favorable circumstances, or as the philosopher Francis Bacon described it, counting the hits and forgetting the misses. For example, a state boasts of the Presidents it has produced, but is silent about its serial killers. Or, the claim "Technology brings happiness". (Now, there's something with hits and misses.)
Casinos encourage this human tendency. There are bells and whistles to announce slot machine jackpots, but losing happens silently. This makes it much easier to think that the odds of winning are good. You never see any 300 games in televised bowling tournaments. Therefore, there are no 300 games bowled. Well, there could be a hundred 300 games bowled, but we just haven't seen them in the televised bowling tournament we watched because the bowlers didn't make it to the TV round.
There are so many things like this that people use without being aware of the fallacy of their argument.... I like that, and since that is my argument I'm sticking with it.
Having a position on any topic is a warm, comfortable feeling. Makes you feel secure that you DO know your position on THIS topic. Because I "KNOW" the NRA is redneck, racist, KKK organization for anti-social lunatic fringe spree killers and anarchists, (?) - I don't "HAVE TO" use MY intellect to sort through these tiresome facts and figures to arrive at a conclusion based solely on my own thought process, moral judgment and personal values. I'll just repeat what I have heard. Oooh.. I get such a warm feeling when "I JUST KNOW FOR A FACT" that this is my position. I don't know where I got it though. But it's MINE! MINE! MINE I tell you!!!!!